Celestia

What is Celestia? Celestia is an L1 blockchain purpose-built for data availability - the scalability foundation for all commerce to come onchain. Rollups, app-chains, and Layer 2s plug into Celestia to order and publish transaction data, while running their own execution environments independently. At the core of Celestia is data availability sampling (DAS): a cryptographic technique that lets light nodes verify data availability without downloading the full block. This means Celestia's security scales with the number of light nodes - not just validators - making it uniquely suited for a world of millions of onchain applications. Celestia's latest milestone is Celestia Fibre, which brings up to 1 Tb/s of blockspace throughput - enough to support hundreds of millions of onchain transactions per second. This positions Celestia not just as a research-grade DA layer, but as production-grade internet-scale infrastructure for the onchain economy. Celestia focuses exclusively on ordering and making data available, and does that job at a scale no other DA layer can match. By using Celestia, rollups and app-chains gain: * Instant sovereignty - deploy a chain with your own VM, execution rules, and fee token, inheriting Celestia's security from day one * Massive scalability - blockspace throughput that grows as the network grows, not bottlenecked by monolithic consensus * Censorship resistance - data availability sampling ensures that even with a small number of light nodes, liveness and data integrity are preserved The native token, TIA, is used for paying for blobspace (publishing data to Celestia) and for staking and governance within the network. What is the technology behind Celestia? Celestia's architecture is built around three core innovations: * Celestia Fibre Celestia Fibre is the next evolution of Celestia's core protocol, designed to push DA throughput to up to 1 Tb/s - enough blockspace to power hundreds of millions of onchain transactions per second. Fibre achieves this through a combination of architectural improvements to how data is propagated across the network, enabling Celestia to serve as the DA backbone for an internet-scale onchain economy. * Data Availability Sampling (DAS) Rather than requiring every node to download full blocks, Celestia uses DAS to let nodes verify that block data has been made available by sampling small, random portions. This is made possible by 2D Reed-Solomon erasure coding, which encodes block data so that even if a fraction is withheld, it can be detected with high probability. The result: light nodes can participate in securing the network with minimal hardware requirements. * Namespaced Merkle Trees (NMTs) Celestia organizes block data into namespaces, allowing rollups to efficiently retrieve only their own data from a Celestia block, rather than downloading everything. This makes it practical for an unlimited number of applications to share Celestia's blockspace simultaneously. Together, these technologies make Celestia the highest throughput, trust-minimized DA layer available to rollup and app-chain developers today. What are the real-world applications of Celestia? Blockchains have found their clearest product-market fit in one place: markets. From automated market makers (AMMs) to onchain orderbooks to prediction markets, the throughput of the underlying DA layer has directly determined which markets are possible. Celestia's Vision 2.0 frames this trajectory explicitly: * 10 KB/s enabled AMMs and simple DEXes * 1–10 MB/s enabled onchain central limit order books (CLOBs) and perps exchanges - think Hyperliquid, Bullet, and VEX, which already require over 10 MB/s of blockspace * 1 Tb/s (Celestia Fibre) enables *every market* to come onchain - roughly one transaction per second for every person on Earth, or for every AI agent they own This isn't an abstract roadmap. The categories of markets that become viable at 1 Tb/s include: Traditional financial markets. Stocks, commodities, and tokenized real-world assets gain deep 24/7 secondary markets with permissionless read/write access to the underlying orderbooks - removing the opaque intermediaries that currently sit between retail traders and markets. Advertising and attention markets. Every page view can trigger a real-time onchain auction for ad impressions. Users can trade futures on website traffic, turning attention itself into a composable, programmable asset. AI agent economies. As economic activity becomes increasingly machine-to-machine, AI agents need infrastructure capable of handling millions of micropayments per second at API latency. Rather than crawlers scraping the web for free, sites can publish prices for being crawled by LLMs and agents - with payments settled onchain at scale. Data markets. Pay-per-query databases and cross-app data joins that monetise every read and write operation, powered by HTTP 402 micropayments. Projects like OnchainDB are already building on Celestia with this model, where developers earn revenue on every query rather than paying monthly cloud bills. Content and media. Per-article payments, per-second streaming billing, and per-API-call monetisation coordinated onchain, replacing siloed subscription platforms. Private institutional finance. Celestia Private Blockspace enables verifiably private onchain finance applications - dark pools and institutional-scale orders with confidential balances, positions, and order sizes - at millisecond latency. The common thread: none of these markets are viable at standard L1 or L2 prices and throughput. They require highly abundant, cheap blockspace with millisecond latency. That is what Celestia Fibre delivers. Celestia's mission, as stated in Vision 2.0, is to build blockspace products that let high-volume markets come onchain - toward a world where every market trades on open infrastructure with permissionless read and write access to every orderbook. What key events have there been for…