{"id":31967,"date":"2022-06-17T21:49:41","date_gmt":"2022-06-17T18:49:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.coinmuhendisi.com\/?p=31967"},"modified":"2022-06-17T21:49:41","modified_gmt":"2022-06-17T18:49:41","slug":"31967-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/coinmuhendisi.com\/blog\/31967-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Ethereum Ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Prensibi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ethereum Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ethereum, 2013\u2019te temelleri at\u0131lan ve 2015’te piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclen piyasa de\u011feri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Bitcoinden sonra gelen en b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci kripto parad\u0131r. Ancak Ethereum bitcoin gibi sadece bir dijital para de\u011fildir. Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin taraf\u0131ndan yeni nesil bir blok zinciri olarak \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir. Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum ad\u0131n\u0131 bilimkurgu romanlar\u0131ndan esinlenerek se\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu konuda butterin \u015f\u00f6yle bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada bulunuyor: \u201cBu ismi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde fark ettim ki, di\u011fer alternatif isimlere g\u00f6re bu ad bana \u00e7ok daha g\u00fczel gelmi\u015fti. Bu durumun Ethereum kelimesinin kula\u011fa g\u00fczel gelmesi ve “ether” kelimesini i\u00e7ermesinden dolay\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum Ether, evrene n\u00fcfuz eden ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n hareket etmesini sa\u011flayan teorik bir olgudur.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Ethereum,<\/p>\n

Ethereumda ama\u00e7 blockchain sistemi \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bu sistem \u00fczerinden yeni yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Ethereum’un kullan\u0131c\u0131lara sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu olanaklar sayesinde bir\u00e7ok alt coin \u00fcretilmektedir. Ethereum sistemi ile ama\u00e7lanan, ki\u015fisel bilgiler gibi verilerin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraflar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesinin ve farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektir. Normal internetten yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015flemler veriler halinde veri bankalar\u0131nda kay\u0131t alt\u0131na tutulmaktad\u0131r. Ethereum ile bu i\u015flemler tamamen da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve anonim bir \u015fekilde bir\u00e7ok cihaz \u00fczerinde saklanmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece bu bilgilere eri\u015fim zorla\u015f\u0131r hatta istenilen bilgiye ula\u015fmak imk\u00e2ns\u0131z denebilecek kadar zordur. Asl\u0131nda ethereum tam olarak merkeziyetsizli\u011fi bu \u015fekilde sa\u011fl\u0131yor diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, Ethereum uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n temel yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r. Geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri dijital parametrelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmemizi sa\u011flayan blok zincirinde depolanan bilgisayar programlar\u0131d\u0131r. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler bir t\u00fcr Ethereum hesab\u0131d\u0131r da denebilir. Bu, bir bakiyeye sahip olduklar\u0131 ve a\u011f \u00fczerinde i\u015flemler g\u00f6nderebildikleri anlam\u0131na gelir. Ancak bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilemezler, bunun yerine a\u011fa da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rlar ve programland\u0131klar\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Sonras\u0131nda kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesaplar\u0131 ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmede tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bir fonksiyonu y\u00fcr\u00fcten i\u015flemler g\u00f6ndererek ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ile etkile\u015fime ge\u00e7ebilirler.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok basit bir mant\u0131kta \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r kurulan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye uygun olarak hareket eden komutlard\u0131r diyebiliriz. Genel anlamda var olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler esnektir ve bazen de\u011fi\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r, bu da karar mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n insan oldu\u011fu durumlarda veya di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle insan\u0131n duygular\u0131 gibi farkl\u0131 bir etkenden dolay\u0131 verece\u011fi kararlar de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011finden objektifli\u011fini sorgulanabilir bir hale getiriyor. Bu y\u00fczden \u0130nsan fakt\u00f6r\u00fc, geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klardan biridir.<\/p>\n

\"Ak\u0131ll\u0131<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, iki bireysel yarg\u0131\u00e7 geleneksel bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde yorumlayabilir. Onlar\u0131n yorumlar\u0131, farkl\u0131 kararlar\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131na ve farkl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7abilir. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, farkl\u0131 yorumlama olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmlerde geri ad\u0131m yoktur yani \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda hareket edebilecek karar mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr olan inasanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra dijital ortamdaki kurallar\u0131 harfiyen yerine getiren sistem herkes a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha kabul edilebilir ve g\u00fcvenli olur.<\/p>\n

1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nick Szabo “ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme” terimini ilk olarak ortaya att\u0131. 1996’da ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin neler yapabilece\u011fine dair \u015fuanki yapabildiklerine ihtimal veremeyecek kadar uzak bir teoriyi \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130\u015flemlerin arac\u0131lar olmadan g\u00fcvenle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi bir yer olarak hayal edilen bu sistem asl\u0131nda Ethereumun ana vizyonunu ortaya koydu diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131nda otomatik olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bilgisayar koduna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren sistemler oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik. Bu ger\u00e7ek hayattaki otomotlara benzetilerek anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Oda k\u0131saca \u015fu \u015fekilde daha basite indergenebilir.<\/p>\n

Siz otomattan bir \u00fcr\u00fcn se\u00e7ersiniz. Otomat, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc sat\u0131n almak i\u00e7in gereken tutar\u0131 size ifade eder. Do\u011fru miktar\u0131 girdikten sonra Otomat, do\u011fru miktar\u0131 girdi\u011finizi do\u011frular ve size tercih etti\u011finiz \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc verir. Burda Dikkat \u00e7eken nokta ise otomat, yaln\u0131zca t\u00fcm gereksinimler kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131ktan sonra istedi\u011finiz \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc size verir ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde her\u015fey do\u011fruysa, uygunsa o zaman \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin normal s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere g\u00f6re sahip oldu\u011fu en \u00f6nemli avantajlardan biri, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde sonucun otomatik olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesidir. Reel d\u00fcnyadaki s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde insan\u0131n sonucu yerine getirmesi gerekir. Ayn\u0131 otomat \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi her \u015fey do\u011fruysa \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fczden \u015f\u00fcphe duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z gibi ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u015flemlerde de sonucundan \u015f\u00fcphe duymazs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, takip ve kontrol a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00e7ok verimlidir k\u0131saca denetimler ve izleme i\u00e7in de elveri\u015flidir. Ethereum ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, halka a\u00e7\u0131k bir blok zincirinde ve a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kodlu oldu\u011fundan herkes yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 transferleri, ba\u015fka bir transferi veya di\u011fer bilgileri an\u0131nda takip edebilir.<\/p>\n

Son olarak, di\u011fer reel s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler gibi, ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede ne oldu\u011funu imzalamadan \u00f6nce kontrol edebilirsiniz. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki \u015fartlar\u0131n \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayesinde herkes onu \u00f6nceden inceleyebilir.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmlerin kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir bu sizin hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcze kalm\u0131\u015f bir\u015feydir. H\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda Hesaplamalar yapabilir, para birimi olu\u015fturabilir, veri depolayabilir, NFT’ler basabilir, ileti\u015fim g\u00f6nderebilir ve hatta grafik olu\u015fturabilirler. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmleri daha detayl\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde onlar\u0131n da verimlili\u011fini arrt\u0131ran daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar olarak nitelendirebilece\u011fimiz standartlar bulunur.<\/p>\n

Standart nedir en yayg\u0131n token standartlar\u0131 hangileridir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ethereum toplulu\u011fu, projelerin uygulamalar aras\u0131nda sorunsuz, birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilirli\u011fini artt\u0131rmak ve bu durumun s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok standart kullan\u0131r. Genellikle standartlar, bir standart s\u00fcreci arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla topluluk \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan EIP, Ethereum Improvement Proposal (Ethereum \u0130yile\u015ftirme \u00d6nerileri) olarak sunulur.<\/p>\n

EIP’ler, Ethereum i\u00e7in potansiyel yeni \u00f6zellikleri veya s\u00fcre\u00e7leri belirleyen standartlard\u0131r. Ethereum i\u00e7in a\u011f y\u00fckseltmeleri ve uygulama standartlar\u0131, EIP s\u00fcreci arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ve geli\u015ftirilir. Baz\u0131 EIP’ler uygulama seviyesinde standartlar ile ilgilidir, bunlar Ethereum Yorum Talebi (ERC) olarak sunulmu\u015ftur. ERC\u2019ler Ethereum ekosisteminde geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 kullan\u0131lan kritik standartlard\u0131r. \u0130smini \u00e7ok s\u0131k duydu\u011fumuz ERC standartlar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yer al\u0131yor<\/p>\n

Token standartlar\u0131<\/p>\n

ERC-20- Oylama token’lar\u0131, stake etme token’lar\u0131 veya sanal para birimleri gibi de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir (birbirinin yerine ge\u00e7ebilir) token’lar i\u00e7in standart bir aray\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

ERC-721- Bir \u015fark\u0131 veya sanat eserinin telif hakk\u0131 gibi de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez token’lar i\u00e7in standart bir aray\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

ERC-777- ERC-20’yi geli\u015ftiren bir token standard\u0131.<\/p>\n

ERC-1155- Hem de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir hem de de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez varl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7erebilen bir token standard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Daaps (Decentralized Applications) nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dapps (merkezi olmayan uygulamalar), kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 ve uygulamay\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in merkezi otorite i\u00e7ermeyen bir uygulamad\u0131r. Uygulama, kullan\u0131c\u0131lara otomatik olarak ba\u011flanarak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraflar\u0131n arac\u0131 olarak kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Ethereum blockchain a\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Dapp\u2019ler Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla blockchain \u00fczerinde daha iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Normal olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z herhangi bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m uygulamas\u0131na benzer ancak merkezi bir sunucu yerine blok zinciri veya P2P (e\u015ften e\u015fe) a\u011flar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. P2P olacak \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uygulamalar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc dApp olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ethereum’da ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler a\u00e7\u0131k API’ler gibi eri\u015filebilir ve \u015feffaf oldu\u011fundan uygulama, ba\u015fka birinin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi bile i\u00e7erebilir. Bir dapp’in arka u\u00e7 kodu, merkeziyetsiz bir e\u015fler aras\u0131 a\u011f \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Normal App\u2019lerde arka u\u00e7 kodun merkezi sunucularda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r Daap\u2019lerde ise arka u\u00e7 kodu merkeziyetsiz bir sistemde yani Blockchain sisteminde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bir Dapp, arka ucuna \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yapabilen herhangi bir dilde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6n u\u00e7 koduna ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 aray\u00fczlerine sahip olabilir. Daaplerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in normal bir app (Application) ile k\u0131yaslayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\"What<\/p>\n

Geleneksal bir App, bir sayfay\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in HTML, CSS ve javascript gibi diller kullan\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, bir API kullanan bir veritaban\u0131ndan veri almas\u0131 gerekecektir. \u00d6rnek olarak Meta\u2019ya eski ad\u0131yla Facebooka girdi\u011finizde, sayfa ki\u015fisel bilgilerinizi almak ve bunlar\u0131 sayfada g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek i\u00e7in bir API arayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6n U\u00e7 \u2192 API \u2192 Veritaban\u0131<\/p>\n

Bir Dapp, geleneksel bir app \u00e7ok benzerdir. \u00d6n u\u00e7, sayfay\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in tamamen ayn\u0131 teknolojiyi kullan\u0131r. Tek fark, bir Veritaban\u0131na ba\u011flanan bir API yerine, bir blok zincirine ba\u011flanan bir Ak\u0131ll\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeniz olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6n U\u00e7 \u2192 Ak\u0131ll\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u2192 Blok Zinciri<\/p>\n

Daaplerin genel \u00f6zelikleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

Merkeziyetsiz hi\u00e7bir ki\u015fi veya grubun kontrole sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131; a\u00e7\u0131k, ortak ve merkeziyetsiz bir platform \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar<\/p>\n

Deterministik Dapp’ler, y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fckleri ortamdan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ayn\u0131 fonksiyonu yerine getirirler.<\/p>\n

Turing tam gereken kaynaklar sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda herhangi bir eylemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilirler.<\/p>\n

\u0130zole Ethereum Sanal Makinesi olarak bilinen sanal bir ortamda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcrler, b\u00f6ylece ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmede bir hata olursa, blok zinciri a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n normal i\u015fleyi\u015fi engellemez.<\/p>\n

Dapp Geli\u015ftirmenin Avantajlar\u0131<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131ktan ve blok zincirine ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra a\u011f bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile etkile\u015fmek isteyen istemcilere her zaman hizmet edebilecektir. Bir Dapp da\u011f\u0131tmak veya onunla etkile\u015fime girmek i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek hayattaki kimli\u011finizi sa\u011flaman\u0131z gerekmez ayr\u0131ca Dapp, verileri depolamak i\u00e7in blok zinciri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, kimse blok zincirinde depolanan verilerin i\u00e7eri\u011fini kesemez veya de\u011fi\u015ftiremez. Blok zinciri, verileri blok zincirine ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u00fcm bireyler veya ana bilgisayarlar de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kabul edene kadar saklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, verilerde asla herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmayacakt\u0131r. Blok zincirinde depolanan veriler, kriptografik temeller sayesinde de\u011fi\u015fmez ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dapp Geli\u015ftirmenin Zorluklar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Blok zincirinde yay\u0131nlanan kod ve verilerin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi daha zor oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Dapp’lerin bak\u0131m\u0131 daha zor olabilir. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir performans ek y\u00fck\u00fc mevcuttur ve \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirme a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zordur. Ethereum’un arzu etti\u011fi g\u00fcvenlik, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck, \u015feffafl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenilirlik seviyesini elde etmek i\u00e7in her d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm, her i\u015flemi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve depolar. Bunun da \u00f6tesinde, i\u015f ispat\u0131 da zaman al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir Dapp \u00e7ok fazla bilgisayar kayna\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131yorsa, t\u00fcm a\u011f t\u0131kan\u0131r. \u015eu anda a\u011f, saniyede yaln\u0131zca yakla\u015f\u0131k 10-15 i\u015flem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebiliyor i\u015flemler bundan daha h\u0131zl\u0131 g\u00f6nderiliyorsa onaylanmam\u0131\u015f i\u015flemler havuzu h\u0131zla \u015fi\u015febilir. Baz\u0131 durumlarda ise normal app ler gibi davranabilir ve merkezile\u015fme, blok zincirinin geleneksel modele g\u00f6re avantajlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r<\/p>\n

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)<\/strong><\/p>\n

EVM, Ethereum’un t\u00fcm i\u015fletim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temeli olan sanal makine g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bir Ethereum istemcisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran binlerce ba\u011fl\u0131 bilgisayar taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen tek bir varl\u0131k olarakta nitelendirilir. Ethereum protokol\u00fc sadece bu makinenin devaml\u0131, kesintisiz ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez i\u015fleyi\u015fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in vard\u0131r. EVM’nin rol\u00fc, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f defterde ya\u015fanan sorunlar\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Blockchain’e i\u015flevsellik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan destek sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Ethereum<\/p>\n

EVM in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ethereum’un iki t\u00fcr hesab\u0131 vard\u0131r: Her ikisi de EVM kapsam\u0131nda farks\u0131z Harici Hesaplar (EOA) ve S\u00f6zle\u015fme Hesaplar\u0131d\u0131r. Hesap soyutlama, bunu yaln\u0131zca bir hesaba indirgemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, yani hem EOA’lar hem de S\u00f6zle\u015fme Hesaplar\u0131 birbirleri gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. EOA’lar \u00f6zel anahtarlar taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilir, bu arada s\u00f6zle\u015fme hesaplar\u0131 ak\u0131ll\u0131 c\u00fczdanlar olarak da bilinen ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde saklan\u0131r. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme kodlamas\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme, bayt koduna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri kullanmak i\u00e7in kaynak kodunun \u00e7o\u011fu, Solidity programlama dili kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131l\u0131r. Daha sonra EVM’nin yorumlamas\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015flem kodlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00a0EVM daha sonra belirli g\u00f6revleri tamamlamak i\u00e7in i\u015flem kodlar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Defter ve Durum Makinesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f defter, genellikle temel kriptografi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak merkeziyetsiz bir para birimini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan Bitcoin gibi blok zincirlerini tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir kripto para, defteri de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ne yap\u0131p ne yapamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neten kurallar nedeniyle normal bir para birimi gibi davran\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir Bitcoin adresi daha \u00f6nce ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha fazla Bitcoin harcayamaz. Bu kurallar, Bitcoin ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok blok zincirindeki t\u00fcm i\u015flemlerin temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Ethereum’un neredeyse tamamen ayn\u0131 sezgisel kurallar\u0131 takip eden kendi yerel kripto paras\u0131 (Ether) olsa da Ethereum \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir fonksiyonu olan ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar. Ethereum, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir defter de\u011fil de da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir durum makinesidir. Ethereum’un durumu, yaln\u0131zca t\u00fcm hesaplar\u0131 ve bakiyeleri de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nceden tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bir dizi kurala g\u00f6re bloktan blo\u011fa de\u011fi\u015febilen ve iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 makine kodunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilen ve makine durumunu tutan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir veri yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

EVM TAL\u0130MATLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n

EVM, 1024 \u00f6\u011fe derinli\u011finde bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n makinesi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Her \u00f6\u011fe, 256 bitlik kriptografi ile kullan\u0131m kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmi\u015f 256 bitlik bir kelimedir. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme s\u0131ras\u0131nda EVM, i\u015flemler aras\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyen ge\u00e7ici bir bellek tutar. Ancak s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, s\u00f6z konusu hesap ve k\u00fcresel durumun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 ile ili\u015fkili bir Merkle Patricia depolama a\u011fac\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Merkle Patricia: Ethereum\u2019un depolama katman\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli veri yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir, Ethereumda t\u00fcm ba\u011flamalar\u0131 depolamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilen olarak kimli\u011fi do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f bir veri yap\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flar<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

GAS FEE NED\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gaz, Ethereum a\u011f\u0131nda belirli i\u015flemleri y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in gereken i\u015flem harcamas\u0131n\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7en birimi ifade eder. Her Ethereum i\u015fleminin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in i\u015flem kaynaklar\u0131 gerekti\u011finden, her i\u015flem bir \u00fccret gerektirir. \u00d6zetle gaz, Ethereum’da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde i\u015flem yapmak i\u00e7in gereken \u00fccreti ifade eder. Gaz \u00fccretleri Ethereum’un yerel para birimi ether (ETH) ile \u00f6denir. Gaz fiyatlar\u0131, kendisi ETH’nin bir birimi olan Gwei’de belirtilir her Gwei, 0,000000001 ETH’ye (1-9 ETH) e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n

Ethereum a\u011f\u0131ndaki i\u015flem \u00fccretlerinin hesaplanma \u015fekli, A\u011fustos 2021’deki Londra Y\u00fckseltmesi ile de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\"Ethereum<\/p>\n

LONDRA Y\u00dcKSELTMES\u0130NDEN \u00d6NCE
\nX ki\u015fisinin Y ki\u015fisine 1 ETH \u00f6demek zorunda oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m. \u0130\u015flemde gaz limiti 21.000 birim, gaz fiyat\u0131 ise 200 gwei’dir. Toplam \u00fccret \u015f\u00f6yle olurdu: Gas birimi * Gas \u00fccreti (birim ba\u015f\u0131na) yani 21,000 * 200 = 4,200,000 gwei veya 0.0042 ETH. X ki\u015fisi paray\u0131 g\u00f6nderdi\u011finde, X ki\u015fisinin hesab\u0131ndan 1,0042 ETH harcan\u0131r. Y ki\u015fisine 1,0000 ETH yat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve Madenci 0,0042 ETH al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

LONDRA Y\u00dcKSELTMES\u0130NDEN SONRA<\/p>\n

Londra Y\u00fckseltmesi, Ethereum’un i\u015flem \u00fccreti mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 elden ge\u00e7irerek Ethereum’da i\u015flem yapmay\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in daha \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir h\u00e2le getirmek i\u00e7in 5 A\u011fustos 2021’de uyguland\u0131. Bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin getirdi\u011fi faydalar aras\u0131nda, daha iyi i\u015flem \u00fccreti tahmini, genellikle daha h\u0131zl\u0131 i\u015fleme dahil etme ve i\u015flem \u00fccretlerinin bir y\u00fczdesini yakarak ETH ihrac\u0131n\u0131 dengeleme yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Londra a\u011f y\u00fckseltmesinden sonra, her blo\u011fun bir taban \u00fccreti vard\u0131r, bu blo\u011fa dahil edilmek \u00fczere gaz birimi ba\u015f\u0131na minimum fiyat a\u011f taraf\u0131ndan blok alan\u0131 talebine g\u00f6re hesaplan\u0131r. \u0130\u015flem \u00fccretinin taban \u00fccreti yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015flemlerinde de bir bah\u015fi\u015f belirlemeleri beklenir. Bah\u015fi\u015f, bloklar h\u00e2linde kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u015flemlerini y\u00fcr\u00fcten ve yayan madenciler i\u00e7in telafi niteli\u011findedir ve bah\u015fi\u015fin \u00e7o\u011fu c\u00fczdan taraf\u0131ndan otomatik olarak ayarlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Toplam i\u015flem \u00fccretinin hesaplanmas\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r: Gas units (limit) * (Base fee + Tip)<\/p>\n

Diyelim ki X ki\u015fisi, Y ki\u015fisine 1 ETH \u00f6demek zorunda. \u0130\u015flemde gaz limiti 21.000 birim ve taban \u00fccret 100 gwei’dir. X ki\u015fisi 10 gwei’lik bir bah\u015fi\u015f ekler. Bu form\u00fcl\u00fc kullanarak bunu 21,000 * (100 + 10) = 2,310,000 gwei veya 0,00231 ETH olarak hesaplayabiliriz. X ki\u015fisi paray\u0131 g\u00f6nderdi\u011finde, X ki\u015fisi hesab\u0131ndan 1,00231 ETH d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclecek. Y ki\u015fisine 1,0000 ETH yat\u0131r\u0131lacak. Madenci 0,00021 ETH bah\u015fi\u015fini al\u0131r. 0,0021 ETH taban \u00fccreti yak\u0131l\u0131r. Ek olarak x ki\u015fisi, i\u015flem i\u00e7in bir maksimum \u00fccret belirleyebilir ve i\u015flem y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde taban \u00fccretin \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00f6deme yapmaktan endi\u015fe duymaz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc maksimum \u00fccret ile ger\u00e7ek \u00fccret aras\u0131ndaki fark X ki\u015fisine iade edilir.<\/p>\n

Blok boyutu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Londra y\u00fckseltmesinden \u00f6nce, Ethereum’un sabit boyutlu bloklar\u0131 vard\u0131. A\u011f talebinin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu zamanlarda bu bloklar tam kapasitede \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar genellikle bir blo\u011fa dahil olmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek talebin d\u00fc\u015fmesini beklemek zorunda kald\u0131lar ve bu da k\u00f6t\u00fc bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 deneyimine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Londra Y\u00fckseltmesi, Ethereum’a de\u011fi\u015fken boyutlu bloklar getirdi. Her blo\u011fun hedef boyutu 15 milyon gazd\u0131r, ancak bloklar\u0131n boyutu, 30 milyon gaz blok s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na kadar a\u011f talebine g\u00f6re artabilecek veya azalabilecektir.<\/p>\n

Protokol, t\u00e2tonnement denen bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 ile ortalama 15 milyonluk bir denge blo\u011fu boyutuna ula\u015f\u0131r. Bu, blok boyutunun hedef blok boyutundan b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 durumunda, protokol\u00fcn bir sonraki blok i\u00e7in taban \u00fccreti art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Benzer \u015fekilde, blok boyutu hedef blok boyutundan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse protokol taban \u00fccretini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

GAZ \u00dcCRETLER\u0130 NEDEN VAR?<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, gaz \u00fccretleri Ethereum a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli kalmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. A\u011fda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen her hesaplama i\u00e7in bir \u00fccret talep ederek, k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli ki\u015filerin a\u011fa spam g\u00f6ndermesi \u00f6nlenir. Yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla veya d\u00fc\u015fmanca sonsuz d\u00f6ng\u00fcleri veya koddaki di\u011fer hesaplama israf\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, her i\u015flemin kullanabilece\u011fi kod y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin hesaplama ad\u0131m\u0131na bir s\u0131n\u0131r koymas\u0131 gerekir. Bir i\u015flemde bir limit berlirlense ve limit s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda kal\u0131rsa i\u015flemde kullan\u0131lmayan herhangi bir gaz kullan\u0131c\u0131ya iade edilir<\/p>\n

GAZ L\u0130M\u0130T\u0130 NED\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gaz limiti, bir i\u015flemde t\u00fcketmek istedi\u011finiz maksimum gaz miktar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Standart bir ETH transferinde, 21.000 birim gaz s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, basit bir ETH transferi i\u00e7in 50.000 gaz limiti koyarsan\u0131z, EVM 21.000 t\u00fcketir ve kalan 29.000’i geri al\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Ancak, basit bir ETH transferi i\u00e7in 20.000’lik bir gaz limiti gibi az miktarda gaz belirtirseniz, EVM i\u015flemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken 20.000 gaz biriminizi t\u00fcketir, ancak i\u015flemi tamamlamaz. EVM daha sonra herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi geri al\u0131r, ancak madenci zaten 20 bin gaz birimi de\u011ferinde i\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bu gaz t\u00fcketilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

GAZ \u00dcCRETLER\u0130 NEDEN BU KADAR Y\u00dcKSELEB\u0130L\u0130YOR?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek gaz \u00fccretleri, Ethereum’un pop\u00fclaritesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ethereum \u00fczerinde herhangi bir i\u015flem yapmak, gaz t\u00fcketmeyi gerektirir ve blok ba\u015f\u0131na gaz alan\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dccretler; farkl\u0131 miktarlarda “gaz” birimi t\u00fcketen hesaplama, verilerin depolanmas\u0131n\u0131 veya manip\u00fcle edilmesi veya token’lar\u0131n aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi i\u015flemleri i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Dapp i\u015flevselli\u011fi daha karma\u015f\u0131k h\u00e2le geldik\u00e7e, bir ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi i\u015flemlerin say\u0131s\u0131 da artar, bu da her i\u015flemin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 boyutlu bir bloktan daha fazla yer kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00c7ok fazla talep varsa, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar di\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015flemlerini denemek ve daha y\u00fcksek teklif vermek i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek bir bah\u015fi\u015f tutar\u0131 teklif etmelidir. Daha y\u00fcksek bah\u015fi\u015f, i\u015fleminizin bir sonraki blo\u011fa ge\u00e7mesini daha olas\u0131 h\u00e2le getirebilir. Gaz fiyat\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na belirli bir i\u015flem i\u00e7in ne kadar \u00f6dememiz gerekti\u011fini belirlemez. \u0130\u015flem \u00fccretini hesaplamak i\u00e7in gwei cinsinden \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen i\u015flem \u00fccretini kullan\u0131lan gaz ile \u00e7arpmam\u0131z gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

GAZ MAL\u0130YETLER\u0130N\u0130 AZALTMAK \u0130\u00c7\u0130N G\u0130R\u0130\u015e\u0130MLER<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ethereum kullanan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a blok zinciri belirli kapasite s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu durum, a\u011f\u0131 kullanma maliyetini art\u0131rarak “\u00f6l\u00e7eklendirme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerine” y\u00f6nelik bir ihtiya\u00e7 do\u011furdu. Benzer hedeflere ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar benimseyen, ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan, test edilen ve uygulanan \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm vard\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00e7eklenebilirli\u011fin ana hedefi, merkeziyetsizlikten veya g\u00fcvenlikten \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeden i\u015flem h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015flem verimini art\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Kavramsal olarak, \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirme zincir \u00fcst\u00fcnde veya zincir d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirme olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya tabi oluyor.<\/p>\n

Z\u0130NC\u0130R \u00dcST\u00dcNDE \u00d6L\u00c7EKLEND\u0130RME<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirme y\u00f6ntemi, Ethereum protokol\u00fcnde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir yani katman 1 de i\u015flem yap\u0131l\u0131r. Par\u00e7alama, \u015fu anda bu \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirme y\u00f6nteminin ana odak noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Par\u00e7alama<\/p>\n

Par\u00e7alama, y\u00fck\u00fc yaymak i\u00e7in bir veri taban\u0131n\u0131 yatay olarak b\u00f6lme i\u015flemidir. Ethereum ba\u011flam\u0131nda par\u00e7alama, “par\u00e7a” olarak bilinen yeni zincirler olu\u015fturarak a\u011f t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r ve saniye ba\u015f\u0131na i\u015flem kapasitesini art\u0131r\u0131r. Bu, ayn\u0131 zamanda do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n a\u011fdaki i\u015flemlerin tamam\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleme zorunlulu\u011funu ortadan kald\u0131rarak t\u00fcm do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc azalt\u0131r<\/p>\n

Z\u0130NC\u0130R DI\u015eINDA \u00d6L\u00c7EKLEND\u0130RME<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zincir d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler, katman 1 Mainnet’ten ayr\u0131 olarak uygulan\u0131r Mevcut Ethereum protokol\u00fcnde herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik gerektirmez. ”<\/p>\n

Katman 2 \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirme<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci katman bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekleme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Katman 2 ler i\u015flemlerin zincir d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilip bu i\u015flemlerin verilerini ana a\u011fa paketler \u015feklinde ileterek \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. K\u0131saca A\u011f me\u015fgulken i\u015flem h\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer ve belirli t\u00fcrdeki dapp’ler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131c\u0131 deneyimi olumsuz etkilenir. Ve a\u011f yo\u011funlu\u011fu artt\u0131k\u00e7a i\u015flem yapmak isteyenler birbirlerinden daha fazla i\u015flem \u00fccreti sunarak i\u015flem \u00fccretlerinin artmas\u0131na neden olurlar. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmde zincir i\u00e7indeki yo\u011funlu\u011fu azaltmak hedeflenir. Katman 2 \u00f6l\u00e7ekleme; gaz maliyetlerini, kullan\u0131c\u0131 deneyimini ve \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilirli\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik birincil bir giri\u015fimdir.<\/p>\n

Toplamalar<\/p>\n

Toplamalar, i\u015flem y\u00fcr\u00fctmesini katman 1 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir ve ard\u0131ndan veriler, mutabakata var\u0131lan katman 1’e g\u00f6nderilir. \u0130\u015flem verileri katman 1 bloklar\u0131na dahil edildi\u011finden bu, toplamalar\u0131n yerel Ethereum g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131na izin verir.<\/p>\n

Farkl\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik modellerine sahip iki t\u00fcr toplama vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u0130yimser toplamalar: \u0130\u015flemlerin varsay\u0131lan olarak ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu varsayar ve yaln\u0131zca bir meydan okuma ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ispat\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hesaplama \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u0131f\u0131r bilgi toplamalar\u0131: Zincir d\u0131\u015f\u0131 hesaplamalar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve zincire bir do\u011fruluk ispat\u0131 g\u00f6nderir.<\/p>\n

Durum kanallar\u0131<\/p>\n

Durum kanallar\u0131, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n zincir d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrce i\u015flem yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7oklu imza s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerini kullan\u0131r ve ard\u0131ndan Mainnet ile kesinli\u011fi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu, a\u011f t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00fccretleri ve gecikmeleri en aza indirger. \u015eu andaki durum kanallar\u0131 ve \u00f6deme kanallar\u0131 olarak iki t\u00fcr kanal bulunur.<\/p>\n

Yan zincirler<\/p>\n

Bir yan zincir, Mainnet’e paralel olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ethereum Sanal Makinesi uyumlu blok zinciridir. Bunlar, iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc k\u00f6pr\u00fcler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Ethereum ile uyumludur ve kendi se\u00e7tikleri mutabakat kurallar\u0131 ve blok parametreleri alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Plazma<\/p>\n

Plazma zinciri, ana Ethereum zincirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 tahkim etmek i\u00e7in doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 (iyimser toplamalar gibi) kullanan ayr\u0131 bir blok zinciridir.<\/p>\n

Validium<\/p>\n

Bir Validium zinciri, s\u0131f\u0131r bilgi toplamalar\u0131 gibi do\u011fruluk ispatlar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r, ancak veriler ana katman 1 Ethereum zincirinde depolanmaz. Bu, her bir Validium zinciri ba\u015f\u0131na saniyede 10 bin i\u015flem yap\u0131labilmesini ve birden \u00e7ok zincirle birlikte paralel olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesine olanak sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

GAZ MAL\u0130YETLER\u0130N\u0130 D\u00dc\u015e\u00dcRMEN\u0130Z \u0130\u00c7\u0130N STRATEJ\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n

ETH i\u00e7in gaz maliyetlerini azaltmak istiyorsan\u0131z, i\u015fleminizin \u00f6ncelik seviyesini belirtmek i\u00e7in bir bah\u015fi\u015f belirleyebilirsiniz. Madenciler, ilk olarak gaz ba\u015f\u0131na daha y\u00fcksek bir bah\u015fi\u015f sunan i\u015flemlerle ilgilenecekler ve bunlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecekler bunlar bittikten sonra d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bah\u015fi\u015f setine sahip i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flayacaklar. Bu biraz zaman ve risk i\u00e7eren bir y\u00f6ntemdir.<\/p>\n

ETH’nizi daha ucuza g\u00f6nderebilmeniz i\u00e7in gaz fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 takip etmek istiyorsan\u0131z, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler gibi bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ara\u00e7 kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n

Etherscan.io\/gastracker: \u0130\u015flem gaz fiyat\u0131 tahmincisi<\/p>\n

Blocknative ETH Gas Estimator: Gaz tahmin eden, hem Tip 0 eski i\u015flemleri hem de Tip 2 EIP-1559 i\u015flemlerini destekleyen Chrome uzant\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n

ETH Gas Station: Ethereum gaz piyasas\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcketici odakl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler.<\/p>\n

Cryptoneur Gas Fees Calculator Mainnet: Arbitrum ve Polygon \u00fczerindeki farkl\u0131 i\u015flem t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in yerel para biriminizde gaz \u00fccretlerini hesaplayabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

Eth1 nedir, mevcut i\u015f ispat\u0131 blok zinciri olan Mainnet Ethereum’a at\u0131fta bulunan bir terimdir. Art\u0131k bu terim yerine “y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcm katman\u0131” kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131mdan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n

Eth2 nedir, Ethereum’un hisse ispat\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015fi de dahil olmak \u00fczere bir dizi Ethereum protokol\u00fc y\u00fckseltmesine at\u0131fta bulunan bir terimdir. Art\u0131k bu terim yerine “mutabakat 8consens\u00fcs) katman\u0131” kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131mdan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zorluk Bombas\u0131 nedir, madencilerin Ethereum blok zincirinde \u00f6d\u00fcller almak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6zmeleri gereken madencilik algoritmas\u0131n\u0131n giderek zorla\u015fan seviyeleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir terimdir. Bitcoindeki halving yar\u0131lanmas\u0131na benzer bir olgudur.<\/p>\n

Konsensus (Uzla\u015fma) NED\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konsensus (Consensus) T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzla\u015fma olan ve tan\u0131m olarak \u201ctart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konuda uzla\u015f\u0131larak ula\u015f\u0131lan genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Daha genel ve basit bir dil ile anlatmak gerekirse, bir grup i\u00e7erisinde karar vermek ya da fikir birli\u011fine ula\u015fmak anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Block zinciri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 bir bi\u00e7im kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve konsensusa varmak a\u011fdaki d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin en az %51’inin a\u011f\u0131n sonraki global durumunu \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmaya varmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Konsensus mekanizmalar\u0131, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sistemlerin birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvende kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bu mekanizmalar uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r veri taban\u0131 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleri, uygulama sunucular\u0131 ve di\u011fer kurumsal altyap\u0131lar aras\u0131nda konsensus sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son y\u0131llarda, Ethereum gibi sistemlerin a\u011f\u0131n durumu \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmaya varmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni konsensus mekanizmalar\u0131 icat edilmi\u015ftir. konsensus mekanizmas\u0131, belirli ekonomik sald\u0131r\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin \u00f6nlenmesine de yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Teorik olarak bir sald\u0131rgan, a\u011f\u0131n %51’ini kontrol ederek konsensusu tehlikeye atabilir. \u0130\u015fte konsensus mekanizmalar\u0131 da bu “%51 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131”n\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Proof of Work (PoW- i\u015f ispat\u0131) Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Proof of Work temelde sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015fini aksatmaya y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n veya Spam olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan istenmeyen mesajlar\u0131n engellenmesi i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir protokold\u00fcr. Bu protokol, ilk olarak 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cynthia Dwork ve Moni Naor isimli bilgisayar uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir makleden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"What<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f ispat\u0131 doksanl\u0131 y\u0131llarda en yayg\u0131n olark, DDoS (Denial of Service) sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bilgisayar sistemlerini \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz hale getirmeye y\u00f6nelik hamleleri engellemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 31 Ekim 2008’de yay\u0131nlanan bitcoinin teknik d\u00f6k\u00fcman\u0131nda, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za daha \u00f6nceki kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekliyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Burda p2p e\u015fler aras\u0131 elektronik nakit sistemi Proof of Work protokol\u00fc sayesinde g\u00fcvenilir bir \u00f6deme sistemi ve kriptopara biriminin nas\u0131l var olabilece\u011fini ortaya koyuldu.<\/p>\n

Proof of Work nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bitcoin ve di\u011fer kiriptopara birimleri, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin bir araya gelerek olu\u015fturdu\u011fu a\u011flar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla korunan blokzinciri sistemleridir. Bu sistemlerin temel g\u00f6revi a\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi ve s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. A\u011fda madenci denilen ve zincire yeni bloklar eklemekle g\u00f6revli operat\u00f6rler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu bloklar\u0131n eklenebilmesi ise baz\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k matematik problemlerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesiyle gerekiyor. Bu problemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek \u00e7ok zor oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u015flemcilere ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Problemi \u00e7\u00f6zen ve bloktaki i\u015flemleri do\u011frulayan madenci, i\u015flemi a\u011fa yay\u0131nlayarak a\u011fda belirlenen kriptopara \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ve bloktaki i\u015flemler i\u00e7in \u00f6denen i\u015flem \u00fccretlerini almaya hak kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Proof of Stake (PoS- Hisse \u0130spat\u0131) Nedir? Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n

Proof of Stake (PoS- Hisse \u0130spat\u0131), Proof of Work protokol\u00fcne bir alternatif olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f varl\u0131k sahipli\u011fini dikkate alan bir protokold\u00fcr. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sunny King ve Scott Nadal isimli blokzinciri geli\u015ftiricileri taraf\u0131ndan PoW\u2019un y\u00fcksek enerji t\u00fcketimine alternatif olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. PoS protokol\u00fcn\u00fc kullanan ilk kriptopara birimi Peercoin’dir. PoS protokol\u00fc PoW protokol\u00fcne nazaran a\u011f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015flemci g\u00fcc\u00fcne bakarak da\u011f\u0131tmaz. PoS’ta bir sonraki blo\u011fun \u00fcretimi birka\u00e7 kombinasyonu ayn\u0131 anda yerine getiren operat\u00f6rler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir<\/p>\n

Hisse \u0130spat\u0131 protokol\u00fcnde, i\u015flem do\u011frulayabilmek ve gelirden pay almak isteyen kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 “Staking” (gelirden pay alma) olarak adland\u0131lan bu kilitleme, do\u011frulama i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Hisse ispat\u0131 protokol\u00fcn\u00fc kullanan blockzincirlerinde, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar di\u011fer ad\u0131yla stakerlar, blok do\u011frulama \u00f6d\u00fcllerini ve di\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6dedi\u011fi transfer \u00fccretlerini stake varl\u0131klar\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak payla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Proof of Stake protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn birden \u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r: Delegated Proof of Stake (dPoS- Yetkilendirilmi\u015f Hisse ispat\u0131) ve Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS – Kiralanm\u0131\u015f Hisse ispat\u0131) \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan Proof of Stake t\u00fcrleridir.<\/p>\n

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) (Yetkilendirilmi\u015f Hisse ispat\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Varl\u0131k sahipli\u011fine dayanan Hisse ispat\u0131nda bir kullan\u0131c\u0131, varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilgili blokzincirine ba\u011fl\u0131 c\u00fczdan\u0131nda tutarak i\u015flemleri do\u011frulama ve blok \u00fcretme hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik. DPoS ise stakerlar\u0131n oy vererek fikir birli\u011fini \u00e7\u00f6zme g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yararlan\u0131r. Yetkilendirilmi\u015f Hisse \u0130spat\u0131 (dPoS) blokzinciri a\u011f\u0131nda fikir birli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in sosyal bir sistem kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ama\u00e7 kriptopara sahiplerinin a\u011f\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde s\u00f6z sahibi olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hisse \u0130spat\u0131 sisteminden farkl\u0131 olarak, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, c\u00fczdanlar\u0131daki kripto varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bir ba\u015fka kullan\u0131c\u0131ya delege ederler. Kriptopara varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 c\u00fczdandan transfer edilmez, ancak delege edilen kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul edilir ve delege edilen kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fdaki s\u00f6z hakk\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Di\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131lardan delege hakk\u0131 alan ki\u015fi, a\u011fdaki gelirlerden daha fazla pay al\u0131r ve elde etti\u011fi geliri, delegeleriyle, hisseleri oran\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Proof of Stake protokol\u00fcnde her kullan\u0131c\u0131 uygun de\u011fildir bunun i\u00e7in keriterlere uygun olan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar kabul edilir ve bloklar\u0131 do\u011frular. Yani \u00fcretilen her bloktan gelir elde edemezler. Ancak Kiralanm\u0131\u015f Hisse \u0130spat\u0131 (LPoS) protokol\u00fcnde kullan\u0131c\u0131lar b\u00fct\u00fcn bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn belli bir y\u00fczdesini kiralamalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131n\u0131r. Bu sistemin amac\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131y\u0131da sistemi kullnmaya te\u015ffik etmektir. LPoS protokol\u00fcn\u00fc kullanan kriptopara birimleri aras\u0131nda en yayg\u0131n\u0131 Waves’tir.<\/p>\n

LPoS ta sistem \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r: Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, c\u00fczdanlar\u0131nda bulunan varl\u0131klar\u0131, a\u011fda i\u015flem yapan di\u011fer kullanc\u0131lara kiraya verir. Kiralama i\u015fleminde, kiralanan miktar kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n c\u00fczdan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kmaz ancak \u00e7ekme ve al\u0131\u015f sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemlerine kapat\u0131l\u0131r kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ispat\u0131 tarz\u0131 bir \u015fey verilir. Kiralama yap\u0131lan kullan\u0131c\u0131, madencilik faaliyetleri yaparken gelirden daha fazla \u00f6d\u00fcl al\u0131r ve kazanc\u0131n\u0131, payda\u015flar\u0131 ile paylar\u0131 oran\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7atallar (Forks) nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7atallar, a\u011fda \u00f6nemli teknik y\u00fckseltmeler veya de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Bunlar genellikle Ethereumda Ethereum \u0130yile\u015ftirme \u00d6nerileri (EIP’ler)’den kaynaklan\u0131r ve protokol\u00fcn “kurallar\u0131n\u0131” de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Geleneksel, merkezden kontrol edilen yaz\u0131l\u0131mlarda y\u00fckseltmelere ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funda, \u015firket son kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in sadece yeni bir versiyon yay\u0131nlar. Blok zincirleri is bundan farkl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc merkezi bir sahiplik yoktur. Yap\u0131lan kural de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri a\u011fda ge\u00e7ici bir b\u00f6l\u00fcnme olu\u015fturabilir, yeni bloklar yeni ya da eski kurallara g\u00f6re yarat\u0131labilir. \u00c7atallar genellikle \u00f6nceden kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece m\u00fc\u015fteriler de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri uyum i\u00e7inde benimser ve y\u00fckseltmelerle birlikte \u00e7atal ana zincir h\u00e2line gelir. Fakat nadir durumlarda, \u00e7atallanmalar \u00fczerindeki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar a\u011f\u0131n ge\u00e7ici olarak ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Hard Fork Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hard Fork, blockchain a\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan keskin \u00e7atalla\u015fmay\u0131 ifade eder. Mevcut blokzincire alternatif olarak yeni bir blockzincir olu\u015fturulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kod b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in yeni s\u00fcr\u00fcm, eski bloklarla geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak uyumlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan hard fork ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Olu\u015fturulan bu hard forkla beraber olu\u015fan iki \u00e7ataldan ya ikisi de ayn\u0131 anda var olur ve birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar ya da ikisinden biri daha bask\u0131n hale gelir.<\/p>\n

Hard fork ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi beraberinde sert d\u00fczenlemeler getirmektedir. Olu\u015fan yeni forku se\u00e7en kullan\u0131c\u0131lar eski s\u00fcr\u00fcme geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f olanaklar\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rnek olarak Merkezi olmayan otonom kurulu\u015f olarak \u00e7evirebilece\u011fimiz DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organisation\u2019nun) 50 milyon ETH\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanan hacklenmesinden sonra yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemlerde, Ethereum toplulu\u011fu ne yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusunda tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu, hard fork kullanmaya karar verdi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Soft Fork Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Soft fork, blokzincir a\u011f\u0131nda \u00fczerinde eski yaz\u0131l\u0131ma da uyumlu olacak \u015fekilde yenilik yap\u0131lma i\u015flemi olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. soft forku, blok zinciri i\u00e7in yaz\u0131l\u0131m y\u00fckseltmesi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz.\u00a0 Bu, t\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan benimsendi\u011finde para biriminin yeni standard\u0131 h\u00e2line gelir. Yeni a\u011fa ge\u00e7en kullan\u0131c\u0131lar isterlerse eski a\u011fada ge\u00e7ebilmektedir. Soft fork tam anlamda ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in madencilerin ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bu yeni a\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla kabul etmesi gerekmektedir. soft forklar, hem Bitcoin hem de Ethereum’a genellikle programlama d\u00fczeyinde yeni \u00f6zellikler veya i\u015flevler getirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Burda a\u011f de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011finden dolay\u0131 gelen y\u00fckseltme geriye d\u00f6n\u00fckte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ethereum’un tarih\u00e7esi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Etherumun tarihsel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve bug\u00fcne kadar geli\u015fen yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in en ba\u015ftan ba\u015flayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk olarak Ethereum’un kurucusu Vitalik Buterin taraf\u0131ndan 2013’te yay\u0131nlanan bir tan\u0131t\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 bu yaz\u0131da ethereumun yap\u0131s\u0131 ve i\u015fleyi\u015fi en zay\u0131f yap\u0131s\u0131yla anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bu yaz\u0131 geli\u015ftirilerek ethereumun bug\u00fcnki whitepaperi haline geldi.<\/p>\n

Daha sonras\u0131nda 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ethereum’un kurucu orta\u011f\u0131 ve Polkadot’un yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan \u0130ngiliz bilgisayar programc\u0131s\u0131 Dr. Gavin Wood taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan \u00e7ok a\u015fina olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir isimle nitelendirilen bir yellowpaper yani sar\u0131 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t yay\u0131nland\u0131, bu k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t Ethereum protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn teknik bir tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. Bu k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n detaylar\u0131na\u00a0 https:\/\/ethereum.github.io\/yellowpaper\/paper.pdf<\/a> linkinden ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

Yine ayn\u0131 sene i\u00e7inde resmi Ether sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. 42 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren bu sat\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinde sat\u0131\u015flar tamamen bitcoin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131, Ether fiyat\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta BTC ba\u015f\u0131na 2000 ETH’lik indirimli bir fiyata ayarland\u0131 ve BTC ba\u015f\u0131na 1337 ETH’lik orana do\u011frusal olarak d\u00fc\u015fmeden \u00f6nce 14 g\u00fcn boyunca bu \u015fekilde kald\u0131 tabi o zamanlarda bitcoinin fiyat\u0131 ortalama 520 dolar civar\u0131ndayd\u0131, yani bir ethereum indirimli haliyle ortalama 0,25 centten sat\u0131\u015fa sunulmu\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise ethereumun ilk ve en \u00f6nemli kilometre ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olan Frontier yay\u0131nland\u0131 frontier, Ethereum projesinin canl\u0131, ancak yal\u0131n bir uygulamas\u0131yd\u0131. Teknik kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, \u00f6zellikle geli\u015ftiriciler i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bloklar\u0131n 5.000’lik bir gaz s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu “thawing” (\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme) d\u00f6nemi, madencilerin faaliyetlerine ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 ve erken benimseyenlerin istemcilerini “acele etmeden” kurmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Frontierin ard\u0131ndan ethereumun 200.000 blo\u011fundan itibaren Frontier Thawing yay\u0131nland\u0131. Frontier Thawing \u00e7atal\u0131, blok ba\u015f\u0131na 5.000 gaz s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131 ve varsay\u0131lan gaz fiyat\u0131n\u0131 51 gwei yapt\u0131. Art\u0131k \u0130\u015flemler 21.000 gaz gerektiriyordu. O zamanlarda ethereum ortalma 1,20 dolar civar\u0131na kadar y\u00fckselmi\u015fti. Ethereumda genellikle soft-fork zordur; Bunun nedeni, bitcoin’den farkl\u0131 olarak ethereum komut dosyalar\u0131nda durum de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr yani farkl\u0131 etkilere sahip i\u015flemler s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu y\u00fczden genel itibariyle ethereumda soft forklar de\u011fil hard forklar yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda ethereumun piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra Homestead forku yay\u0131nland\u0131 Homestead, Birka\u00e7 protokol de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve Ethereum’a daha fazla a\u011f y\u00fckseltmesi yapma yetene\u011fi veren bir a\u011f de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi i\u00e7eriyordu. Homestead s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc, 1.150.000 numaral\u0131 blokta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Homestead forkunda kullan\u0131lan EIP ler<\/p>\n

EIP-2 Ana \u00e7iftlikte hardfork de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri,<\/p>\n

EIP-7 Hardfork EVM g\u00fcncellemesi: DELEGATECALL,<\/p>\n

EIP-8 devp2p ileri uyumlulu\u011fu gibi y\u00fckseltmeler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yine ayn\u0131 sene i\u00e7inde ya\u015fanan bir hack olay\u0131ndan sonra DAO Forku yay\u0131nland\u0131 1,920,000 blokta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen DAO hard forku, yap\u0131lan 3,6 milyon ETH’nin bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hack sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir yan\u0131t olarak s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00c7atal, hatal\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki fonlar\u0131 tek bir fonksiyonla yeni s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Para kaybeden herkes, c\u00fczdanlar\u0131ndaki her 100 DAO token’i i\u00e7in 1 ETH ald\u0131.Herhangi bir ETH sahibi, oylama platformunda yap\u0131lan bir i\u015flem arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla oy kullanabildi zaten ismini buradan ald\u0131 . \u00c7atallanma karar\u0131 oylar\u0131n %85’inden fazlas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131, ancak kalan y\u00fczde 15\u2019lik dilimdeki madenciler, DAO hack olay\u0131nda protokolde bir kusur olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na yorumlayarak \u00e7atallanmay\u0131 reddetti ve Ethereum Classic’i olu\u015fturdular.<\/p>\n

Ethereum Classic, Kod Kanundur\u201d ilkesine dayanan ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, programland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kendi kendine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilen, kendi kendini y\u00fcr\u00fcten otonom dijital uygulamalard\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr uygulamalara \u00f6rnek olarak, ATM makinesi veya Bitcoin sistemleri verilebilir. Ana i\u015flevi, merkezi olmayan uygulamalar\u0131 kendi b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rma ve destekleme \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip bir ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme a\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ethereum Classic zinciri geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeyen a\u011f olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geli\u015ftiriciler, projeye ba\u011fl\u0131 resmi bir ekip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel geli\u015ftirme toplulu\u011funun herkesin kat\u0131labilece\u011fi izinsiz bir merkeziyetsiz y\u00f6netim oldu\u011funu belirtti. Yap\u0131lan hack sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra DOS sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 devam etti ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yap\u0131lan DOS sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na 2 tane yan\u0131t verildi.<\/p>\n

Bunlardan ilki 2.463,000 blokta ya\u0131nlanan Tangerine Whistle oldu. Tangerine Whistle de 2 tane \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm uyguland\u0131 bunlar<\/p>\n

EIP-150ile spam sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilecek i\u015flem kodlar\u0131n\u0131n gaz maliyetlerini art\u0131rmak.<\/p>\n

EIP-158 ile Ethereum protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nceki s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerindeki kusurlar nedeniyle, duruma \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetle dahil olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da bo\u015f hesab\u0131 kald\u0131rarak durum boyutunu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltmek oldu.<\/p>\n

Ancak yetersiz ve kontrols\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm oldu gas maliyetini artt\u0131rmak onlara olumsuz bir \u015fekilde geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. \u0130kinci yan\u0131t olarak 2,675,000 blokta Spurious Dragon forku yay\u0131nland\u0131 burda k\u0131saca \u015f\u00f6yle d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131.A\u011f \u00fczerinde gelecekteki sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in i\u015flem kodu fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ayarlama yap\u0131ld\u0131. Blok zinciri durumunun debloat edilmesi (\u015fi\u015fkinli\u011fin indirilmesi) sa\u011fland\u0131. Tekrar sald\u0131r\u0131 korumas\u0131 eklendi. Kullan\u0131lan EIP ler ise \u015funlard\u0131:<\/p>\n

EIP-155 ile bir Ethereum zincirindeki i\u015flemlerin alternatif bir zincirde yeniden yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler, \u00f6rne\u011fin ana Ethereum zincirinde yeniden oynat\u0131lan bir test a\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemi gibi.<\/p>\n

EIP-160 ile “EXP” i\u015flem kodunun fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 ayarlar, hesaplama a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan pahal\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u015flemleri yoluyla a\u011f\u0131 yava\u015flatmay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

EIP-161 ile DOS sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 yoluyla eklenen bo\u015f hesaplar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verdi.<\/p>\n

EIP-170 ile blok zincirindeki bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin sahip olabilece\u011fi maksimum kod boyutunu 24576 bayta kadar de\u011fi\u015ftirdi<\/p>\n

2017 y\u0131l\u0131 asl\u0131nda etherum i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7alkant\u0131l\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem de\u011fildi hem fiyat hemde piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 elveri\u015fsizdi yani demek istedi\u011fim ethereum fiyat\u0131n\u0131n max 736 dolara kadar y\u00fckselmesi onlar\u0131 bana g\u00f6re biraz rahatlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve sadece bir tane y\u00fckseltme yay\u0131nland\u0131 oda 4.370.000 blokta yay\u0131nlanan Bizans forkuydu. Bizans forkunda, Blok madencili\u011fi \u00f6d\u00fcllerini 5’ten 3 ETH’ye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Zorluk bombas\u0131n\u0131 bir y\u0131l geciktirdi. Di\u011fer s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere durum de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyen \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar yapabilme kabiliyeti ekledi. Katman 2 \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirmesine izin vermek i\u00e7in belirli \u015fifreleme y\u00f6ntemleri eklendi. Uygulanan EIPler ise \u015funlard\u0131:<\/p>\n

EIP 140 ile T\u00fcm gaz\u0131 t\u00fcketmeden hata i\u015flemeye izin veren ‘REVERT’ i\u015flem kodunun eklendi.<\/p>\n

EIP 658 ile \u0130\u015flem makbuzlar\u0131 art\u0131k ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 veya ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir durum alan\u0131 i\u00e7eriyor<\/p>\n

EIP 196 ve EIP 197 ile e\u015fle\u015ftirme kontrollerinde eliptik e\u011fri toplama ve skaler \u00e7arpma gibi \u00f6zelliklere izin verildi<\/p>\n

EIP 198 ile RSA imza do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131 ve di\u011fer kriptografik uygulamalar\u0131 etkinle\u015ftiren b\u00fcy\u00fck tamsay\u0131l\u0131 mod\u00fcler \u00fcs alma deste\u011fi getirildi<\/p>\n

EIP 211 ile De\u011fi\u015fken uzunluk d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f de\u011ferleri deste\u011fi<\/p>\n

EIP 214 ile di\u011fer s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere durum de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyen \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lara izin veren ‘STATICCALL’ i\u015flem kodunu eklendi<\/p>\n

EIP 100 ile zorluk ayarlama form\u00fcl\u00fcndeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131ld\u0131<\/p>\n

EIP 649 ile zorluk bombas\u0131n\u0131n 1 y\u0131l geciktirildii ve blok \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn 5 etherden 3 ethere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc<\/p>\n

2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7ok bir geli\u015fme olmad\u0131 bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ben piyasdaki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn onlar\u0131da etkiledi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Konstantinopolis ve \u0130stanbul olmak \u00fczere 2 tane fork yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bunlardan ilki 7.280.000 blokta yay\u0131nlanan Konstantinopolis oldu. Konstantinopolis forku, Hisse ispat\u0131 uygulanmadan \u00f6nce blok zincirinin donmamas\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. EVM’deki belirli i\u015flemlerin gaz maliyetini optimize etti. Hen\u00fcz olu\u015fturulmam\u0131\u015f adreslerle etkile\u015fim kurma yetene\u011fi ekledi. Kulan\u0131lan EIP ler ise \u015funlard\u0131:<\/p>\n

EIP-145 ile belirli zincir \u00fcst\u00fc eylemlerin maliyetini optimize eder.<\/p>\n

EIP-1014 ile hen\u00fcz olu\u015fturulmam\u0131\u015f adreslerle etkile\u015fime girmenizi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

EIP-1052 ile belirli zincir \u00fcst\u00fc eylemlerin maliyetini optimize eder.<\/p>\n

EIP-1234 ile hisse ispat\u0131ndan \u00f6nce blok zincirinin donmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan 2. Fork ise 9.069.000 blo\u011funda yay\u0131nlanan \u0130stanbul forkuydu. \u0130stanbul forku EVM’deki belirli i\u015flemlerin gaz maliyetini optimize etti. Hizmet reddi sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 direncini iyile\u015ftirdi. SNARK’lara ve STARK’lara dayal\u0131 Katman 2 \u00f6l\u00e7ekleme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini daha performansl\u0131 h\u00e2le getirdi. Ethereum ve Zcash’in birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin daha yarat\u0131c\u0131 fonksiyonlar sunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Kulan\u0131lan EIP ler ise \u015funlard\u0131:<\/p>\n

EIP-152 ile Ethereum’\u0131n Zcash gibi gizlili\u011fi koruyan para birimiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na izin verir.<\/p>\n

EIP-1108 ile gas maliyetlerini iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in daha ucuz \u015fifreleme.<\/p>\n

EIP-1344 ile “CHAINID” opcode ekleyerek Ethereum’u tekrar sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 korur.<\/p>\n

EIP-1884ile t\u00fcketime dayal\u0131 i\u015flem kodu gaz fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 optimize etme.<\/p>\n

EIP-2028 ile bloklarda daha fazla veriye izin vermek i\u00e7in CallData maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr \u2013 Katman 2 \u00f6l\u00e7ekleme i\u00e7in iyi.<\/p>\n

EIP-2200 ile di\u011fer i\u015flem kodu gaz fiyat\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri.<\/p>\n

2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda ETH fiyat\u0131 ortalma 129,21 $ dolar civar\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

2020 y\u0131l\u0131 Ethereum i\u00e7in farkl\u0131la\u015fma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 olarak nitelendirilebili \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc var olan mekanizmas\u0131na ters olarak nitelendirebilece\u011fimiz stake sisteminin temelleri at\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk olarak 9.200.000 blokta Muir Glacier forku yay\u0131nland\u0131. Muir Glacier forku, zorluk bombas\u0131na bir gecikme getirdi. \u0130\u015f ispat\u0131 mutabakat mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n blok zorlu\u011fundaki art\u0131\u015flar, i\u015flemleri g\u00f6ndermek i\u00e7in dapp’leri kullanma ve bekleme s\u00fcrelerini art\u0131rarak Ethereum’un kullan\u0131labilirli\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme tehdidinde bulundu. EIP-2384 ile zorluk bombas\u0131n\u0131 4.000.000 blok veya ortalama 611 g\u00fcn daha geciktirdi.<\/p>\n

Sonras\u0131nda 11.052.984 blo\u011funda Stake yat\u0131rma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Stake yat\u0131rma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Ethereum ekosistemine stake etmeyi getirdi. Stake etmek, do\u011frulama yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in 32 ETH yat\u0131rma i\u015flemidir. Do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 olarak; verileri depolamaktan, i\u015flemleri i\u015flemekten ve blok zincirine yeni bloklar eklemekten sorumlu tutulursunuz.<\/p>\n

Bir Mainnet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00f6nemli bir Ethereum y\u00fckseltmesi olan \u0130\u015faret (Beacon) Zinciri’nin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131 \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan bir etkisi oldu. Zaten hemen ard\u0131ndan \u0130\u015faret (Beacon) Zinciri ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 yay\u0131nland\u0131. \u0130\u015faret (Beacon) Zinciri’nin g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6nderilmesi i\u00e7in 16384 adet yani 512 ki\u015finin 32 stake edilmi\u015f ETH yat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Bu, 27 Kas\u0131m’da meydana geldi, yani \u0130\u015faret (Beacon) Zinciri blok \u00fcretmeye 1 Aral\u0131k 2020’de ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden hisse ispat\u0131 olarak 1. Blok olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130\u015faret (Beacon) Zinciri; kullanmakta oldu\u011fumuz Ethereum ile ilgili hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmez, Mutabakat katman\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rerek a\u011f\u0131 koordine eder ve Hisse ispat\u0131 modelini Ethereum ekosisteminde uygulamaya koyan ad\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Ethereum 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fimeleri sa\u011flam bir temele oturtmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lk olarak 12,244,000 blokta berlin g\u00fcncellemesi yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu g\u00fcncellemeyle beraber belirli EVM eylemleri i\u00e7in optimize edilmi\u015f gaz maliyetini y\u00fckseltildi ve \u00e7oklu i\u015flem t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in deste\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Berlin EIP’leri:<\/p>\n

EIP-2565 ile ModExp gaz maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr<\/p>\n

EIP-2718 ile \u00e7oklu i\u015flem t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in daha kolay destek sa\u011flar<\/p>\n

EIP-2929 ile durum eri\u015fim i\u015flem kodlar\u0131 i\u00e7in gaz maliyeti artar<\/p>\n

EIP-2930 ile iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 eri\u015fim listeleri ekler<\/p>\n

Sonras\u0131nda 12.965.000 blokta Londra y\u00fckseltmesi yap\u0131ld\u0131. Londra y\u00fckseltmesi, i\u015flem \u00fccreti marketini yeniden \u015fekillendiren EIP-1559 ile gaz geri \u00f6demelerinin nas\u0131l ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0130CE AGE (Buz Devrini) takvimindeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri tan\u0131tt\u0131.<\/p>\n

EIP-1559 ile i\u015flem \u00fccreti piyasas\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirir<\/p>\n

EIP-3198 ile bir bloktan “BASEFEE” d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr<\/p>\n

EIP-3529 ile EVM i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in gaz iadelerini azalt\u0131r<\/p>\n

EIP-3541 ile “0xEF” ile ba\u015flayan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engeller<\/p>\n

EIP-3554 ile \u0130CE AGE Buz Devrini Aral\u0131k 2021’e kadar erteler<\/p>\n

2021 in ekim ay\u0131nda 74.200 d\u00f6nem numars\u0131nda Altair y\u00fckseltmesi yay\u0131nland\u0131 Altair y\u00fckseltmesi, \u0130\u015faret (Beacon) Zinciri i\u00e7in planlanm\u0131\u015f ilk y\u00fckseltmedir. “Senkronizasyon komiteleri” i\u00e7in destek ekleyerek hafif istemcileri etkinle\u015ftirdi ve do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 hareketsizli\u011fi ile cezalar\u0131 tam de\u011ferlerine getirdi.<\/p>\n

Altair, kesin bir kullan\u0131ma sunma s\u00fcresi olan ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011f y\u00fckseltmesiydi. \u00d6nceden her y\u00fckseltme, blok s\u00fcrelerinin de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi i\u015f ispat\u0131 zincirinde beyan edilen bir blok numaras\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu. \u0130\u015faret (Beacon) Zinciri, i\u015f ispat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm gerektirmez ve bunun yerine, do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n blok \u00f6nerebilece\u011fi 32 tane on iki saniyelik “yuva”dan olu\u015fan zamana dayal\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem sistemi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son olarak 9 Aral\u0131k 2021 de 13.773.000 blo\u011funda Arrow Glacier y\u00fckseltmesi yay\u0131nland\u0131. “Arrow Glacier” (Ok Buzulu) a\u011f y\u00fckseltmesi, zorluk bombas\u0131n\u0131 birka\u00e7 ay erteledi. Bu y\u00fckseltmede sunulan tek de\u011fi\u015fiklik budur ve do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi Muir Glacier y\u00fckseltmesine benzer. Bizans, Konstantinopolis ve Londra a\u011f y\u00fckseltmelerinde de benzer de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131d\u0131. EIP-4345 ile Zorluk bombas\u0131n\u0131 Haziran 2022’ye kadar ertelendi.<\/p>\n

Bu tarihe kadar olan t\u00fcm y\u00fckseltmeler bunlard\u0131 peki gelecek i\u00e7in ne planl\u0131yorlar. \u015eu anda \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan 2 tane y\u00fckseltme bulunuyor bunlardan biri Proof of Work Yerine Proof of Stake kabul\u00fc ve birle\u015fimi olan Ethereum (Merge) birle\u015fim di\u011feri gas \u00fccretlerine yo\u011funla\u015fan par\u00e7a zincirleri dir.<\/p>\n

Ethereum merge<\/p>\n

Ethereum’un bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 (madencilik olarak da bilinir) \u00e7evre dostu olmayan fikir birli\u011fi mekanizmas\u0131 olan \u0130\u015f \u0130spat\u0131 (PoW), \u00e7ok daha \u00e7evre dostu, Hisse \u0130spat\u0131 (PoS) olan mekanizmas\u0131 ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilecek. \u00a0Ethereum’un en ba\u015ftan beri vizyonu her zaman enerji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan verimli bir hisse ispat\u0131 (PoS) a\u011f\u0131 haline gelmek olmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca, Ethereum toplulu\u011fu, istenen g\u00fcvenlik ve verimlili\u011fe sahip bir PoS konsensus mekanizmas\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ancak yeterli altyap\u0131 olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu hep ertelendi.<\/p>\n

Sonras\u0131nda 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130\u015faret (Beacon) zinciri \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc yay\u0131nland\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015faret Beacon zinciri, Proof of stake konsensus katman\u0131na sahip tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir a\u011fd\u0131r. Konsensus katman\u0131n\u0131n \u015fu anda Proof of work olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 mevcut Ethereum ana a\u011f\u0131na paralel olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. \u0130\u015faret zinciri, Ethereum konsensus algoritmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in zarif bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ancak Ethereum a\u011f\u0131 sonsuza kadar ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olarak kalmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fczden ETH merge ile birle\u015fim fikri \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, Proof of stake ge\u00e7i\u015fi tam olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, Proof of stake konsensus katman\u0131, Proof of Work\u2019un yerini alacak \u015fekilde birle\u015fece\u011finden, Ethereum’un proof of work a\u011f\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7mi\u015fi korunacakt\u0131r. Ge\u00e7i\u015f tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Ethereum’daki proof of work konsensus katman\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lacak ve yeni proof of stake konsensus katman\u0131 gelecek ve bu t\u00fcm bloklar \u00fczerinde ge\u00e7erli olacak. “Birle\u015ftirme”nin Ethereum a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n veri katman\u0131 \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7bir etkisi olmayacak.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015ftirmeden sonra<\/p>\n

Bu, Ethereum i\u00e7in i\u015f ispat\u0131n\u0131n son sinyalini vererek daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve \u00e7evre dostu bir Ethereum \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatacakt\u0131r. Proof of worktan proof of stake ge\u00e7i\u015fini h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in basitle\u015ftirilmesi gerkiyor. Geli\u015ftiriciler bu hedefi geciktirebilecek ek \u00f6zellikleri en aza indiriyor. Bu, stake edilen ETH’yi \u00e7ekebilme gibi birka\u00e7 \u00f6zelli\u011fin Birle\u015ftirme tamamland\u0131ktan sonra biraz daha beklemesi gerekece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu \u00f6zellikleri tamamlamak i\u00e7in birle\u015ftirme tamamland\u0131ktan hemen sonra temizlik yaparak bu \u00f6zellikleri ekleyecekleri bir planlar\u0131 bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015ftirme ne zaman olacak?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Geli\u015ftiriciler tahmini olarak 2022\u2019nin 2 \u00e7eyre\u011fini g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131 ancak ya\u015fanan birka\u00e7 sorundan dolay\u0131 bu ertelendi ve net bir tarih verilmedi ancak yine tahminler 2022\u2019nin 3. ve 4. \u00e7eyre\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015ftirme”den sonra Ethereum’un i\u015f ispat\u0131 (Proof of Work) s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcne ne olacak?<\/p>\n

Bu soru asl\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle de sorulabilir madenciler ne yapcak, madencilik i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 cihazlar\u0131yla ethereum madencili\u011fi yapalabileceklermi? Bu soruya verilen cevap olumsuz oluyor \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sadece tek Ethereum a\u011f\u0131 olacak ve t\u00fcm a\u011f yeni hisse ispat\u0131 (PoS) konsensus motoruna ge\u00e7ecek. “Birle\u015ftirme” ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde, t\u00fcm Ethereum i\u015f ispat\u0131 (PoW) zinciri, Ethereum PoS zinciri haline gelir. Bunun uzun vadede madencilere asl\u0131nda olumlu bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olacak yani herhangi bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm, Ethereum’un bir PoW versiyonunu madencili\u011fe devam edecek olsayd\u0131, kendi az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00e7atallar\u0131nda olurdu ve blok \u00f6d\u00fcllerinin ekonomik de\u011feri, i\u015fletme maliyetlerinin \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda kal\u0131rd\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden adaptasyon en makul se\u00e7enek olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Burda yaz\u0131ya bir virg\u00fcl koyup madenciler \u00fczerine biraz daha a\u00e7\u0131klama yapal\u0131m. Var olan durumda madencilik i\u00e7in \u00e7ok maliyetli sistemler kuruldu. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 amorti etti baz\u0131lar\u0131 hala edemedi. Madenciler i\u00e7in g\u00fcnl\u00fck sat\u0131\u015f diye bir kavram yoktur genelikle kaz\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 ETH lar\u0131 hodl eder ve kendileri i\u00e7in en uygun yerden sat\u0131\u015fa sunarlar. Birle\u015fme ile PoS sistemiyle bu i\u015fi devam ettirmek isteyenler olacakt\u0131r ve elerindeki ETH stake ederek kazanmaya devam edecekler.<\/p>\n

Bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ellerindeki cihazlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek isteyen madencilerde \u00a0olacakt\u0131r. Burda iki ihtimal ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor; ya ellerindeki cihazlar\u0131 ucuz bir fiyattan piyasaya s\u00fcrecekler ki bu da bilgisayar fiyatlar\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckte olsa d\u00fczeltmelere yol a\u00e7abilir ancak kullan\u0131lan cihazlar\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc ve verimi daha az olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tercih edilirmi o biraz me\u00e7hul. \u0130kinci yol ise elerindeki cihazlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in uygun maliyetli madencilik sistemleri ara\u015ft\u0131rmak olacakt\u0131r. Maliyetlerini kurtaracaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri sistemleri veya risk alarak ilerleyen zamanlarda y\u00fckselebilece\u011fine inand\u0131klar\u0131 projelere y\u00f6neleceklerdir<\/p>\n

Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n kafas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir soru daha var oda birle\u015fmenin y\u00fcksek gaz fiyatlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bir etkisi olacakm\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eth gas \u00fccretlerinin y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden bahsetmi\u015ftik bunun en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biri g\u00fcvenlikti yani Yap\u0131lan DOS sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na veya spam sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan bir \u00f6nlemdi, bu kapsamda Birle\u015ftirme, Ethereum’un fikir birli\u011fi mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltme kapsam\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r yani bug\u00fcn Ethereum’un mevcut kullan\u0131c\u0131 deneyimi \u00fczerinde herhangi bir etkisi olmayacakt\u0131r. Sharding gibi Ethereum yol haritas\u0131ndaki gelecekteki g\u00fcncellemeler, gaz fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak farkl\u0131 fikirler bulunuyor. \u015eu anda gas \u00fccretleri \u00fczerine olan par\u00e7alama, Ethereum toplulu\u011funun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan (PoW) enerji verimsizli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131ran “Birle\u015ftirme” den daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u00f6ncelik olarak kabul ediliyor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Birle\u015ftirmeden sonra Ethereum madencilerine \u00f6denen \u00fccretlere ne olacak?<\/strong><\/p>\n

EIP 1559, birle\u015ftirmeden \u00f6nce Ethereum’da etkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olacak ve bu nedenle birle\u015ftirme ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde, Ethereum i\u015flem \u00fccretlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 aylarca yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacak. EIP-1559’dan sonra yak\u0131lmayan kalan \u00fccretler bir i\u015f ispat\u0131 madencili\u011fi yerine basit\u00e7e hisse ispat\u0131 blo\u011funun blok teklif\u00e7isine \u00f6denecektir.<\/p>\n

EIP 1559 ile Mevcut gaz s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yerini iki de\u011fer al\u0131r: “uzun vadeli ortalama hedef” (mevcut gaz s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na e\u015fit) ve “blok ba\u015f\u0131na kesin s\u0131n\u0131r” (mevcut gaz s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131). Ortalama blok gaz kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n mevcut gaz limitine yak\u0131n bir seviyede kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir de\u011fer hedeflemek amac\u0131yla blok blok baz\u0131nda ayarlanan ve i\u015flemlerin \u00f6denmesi gereken bir BASEFEE (yak\u0131lan) vard\u0131r. Esasen, bir blok i\u00e7indeki i\u015flem alan\u0131 talebindeki t\u00fcm k\u0131sa vadeli oynakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u015flem \u00fccretlerinde oynakl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi yerine, oynakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bunun yerine blok boyutunda oynakl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Par\u00e7a Zincirleri (Shard Chains)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ethereumda 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi beklenen bir di\u011fer y\u00fckseltme Par\u00e7a Zincirleri (Shard Chains)dir. Par\u00e7alama, Ethereum’un \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilirli\u011fini ve kapasitesini geli\u015ftirecek \u00e7ok a\u015famal\u0131 bir y\u00fckseltmedir. Par\u00e7a zincirleri, uygulamalar i\u00e7in ekstra ve daha ucuz depolama katmanlar\u0131 ve verileri depolamak i\u00e7in toplamalar sa\u011flayacak. Ethereum’un g\u00fcvenli\u011finden yararlan\u0131rken d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck i\u015flem \u00fccretleri sunmak i\u00e7in katman 2 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini etkinle\u015ftirirlecek. Bu y\u00fckseltme, sonras\u0131nda Mainnet ile \u0130\u015faret Zincirini birle\u015ftirecek \u015fekilde planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani birle\u015fme olmadan bu ad\u0131ma ge\u00e7emezler.<\/p>\n

Par\u00e7alama, y\u00fck\u00fc da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in bir veritaban\u0131n\u0131 yatay olarak b\u00f6lme i\u015flemidir. Ethereum ba\u011flam\u0131nda, par\u00e7alama a\u011f t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltacak ve “Par\u00e7a\u201d olarak bilinen yeni zincirler olu\u015fturarak saniyedeki i\u015flemleri art\u0131racakt\u0131r. Bu, Ethereum’u a\u011f do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha az eri\u015filebilir hale getirir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve pahal\u0131 bilgisayarlara ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar. Par\u00e7a zincirlerinde, do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131n tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, yaln\u0131zca do\u011frulad\u0131klar\u0131 par\u00e7a i\u00e7in veri depolamas\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekir bu i\u015fleri h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r ve donan\u0131m gereksinimlerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015faret zinciri ile par\u00e7alar aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015faret Zinciri, par\u00e7alar\u0131 g\u00fcvenli ve senkronize tutacak mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. \u0130\u015faret Zinciri, a\u011fdaki stake edenleri koordine edecek ve onlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gereken par\u00e7alara atayacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca di\u011fer par\u00e7alar taraf\u0131ndan eri\u015filebilen par\u00e7a i\u015flem verilerini alarak ve depolayarak par\u00e7alar aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimi kolayla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r. Bu, her \u015feyi g\u00fcncel tutmak i\u00e7in par\u00e7alara Ethereum’un durumunun anl\u0131k bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc verecektir.<\/p>\n

Ek par\u00e7alar eklenene kadar Ethereum Mainnet hisse ispat\u0131 kullan\u0131larak \u0130\u015faret Zinciri taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olacak. Bu, \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilirli\u011fi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede destekleyen katman 2 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri ile g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015f, par\u00e7a zincirleri olu\u015fturmaya yarayacak verimli bir Mainnet yarat\u0131r. Mainnet’in, kod y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek tek “ak\u0131ll\u0131” par\u00e7a olarak var olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz belli de\u011fildir ancak her iki durumda da par\u00e7alar\u0131 geni\u015fletme karar\u0131 gerekti\u011finde yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilebilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ethereum Nedir? Ethereum, 2013\u2019te temelleri at\u0131lan ve 2015’te piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclen piyasa de\u011feri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Bitcoinden sonra gelen en b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci kripto parad\u0131r. Ancak Ethereum bitcoin gibi sadece bir dijital para de\u011fildir. Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin taraf\u0131ndan yeni nesil bir blok zinciri olarak \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir. Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum ad\u0131n\u0131 bilimkurgu romanlar\u0131ndan esinlenerek se\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu konuda butterin \u015f\u00f6yle bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":31974,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,10,226,15],"tags":[243,943],"class_list":["post-31967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blockchain","category-egitim","category-ethereum","category-genel","tag-ethereum","tag-gas-fee"],"yoast_head":"\nEthereum Ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Prensibi - Coin M\u00fchendisi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/coinmuhendisi.com\/blog\/31967-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ethereum Ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Prensibi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ethereum Nedir? 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